The next application window for free allocations, as well as for Hospital Small Emitter and Ultra Small Emitter schemes, has been moved to 1st April 2025 – 30th June 2025. Operators not applying for free allocations must also provide information to the UK ETS Authority during this window.
Background
The UK Emissions Trading Scheme (UK ETS) was introduced by The Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Scheme Order 2020, following the United Kingdom’s exit from the European Union. The scheme was designed to maintain continuity with the EU ETS and began on 1st January 2021.
How does it work
A cap on the total amount of certain greenhouse gases (GHG) that can be emitted by sectors covered by the scheme is set by the UK ETS Authority. The cap is reduced over time, so that total emissions must fall.

Within this cap, free allowances are issued to eligible participants while other emission allowances can be purchased at auction or on the secondary market and traded with other participants as needed. Each year, the participants covered by the scheme must surrender allowances to cover their reportable emissions.
Who the UK ETS applies to
The UK ETS covers greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) from:

Simplified requirements apply for:

Allocation periods
Phase I of the UK ETS runs from 2021 to 2030 and is split into 2 allocation periods:

Before each allocation period, participants must apply for the relevant scheme, during the specified application window. The application window for the 2026 – 2030 period, was previously set as 1st April 2024 – 30th June 2024.
What is changing?
The next application window for free allocations, as well as for Hospital Small Emitter and Ultra Small Emitter schemes, has been moved to 1st April 2025 – 30th June 2025. Operators not applying for free allocations must also provide information to the UK ETS Authority during this window.

Why is it changing?
The application window is moved due to an on-going consultation on changes to free allocation policy, opened by the UK ETS Authority. A final decision in response to this consultation is expected by the end of 2024.

Moving the application windows to 1 April 2025 – 30 June 2025 will enable the UK ETS Authority to finalise the policy for the 2026-2030 allocation period.

This will allow operators to determine:

The change to application windows aims to provide certainty to UK ETS operators about what the free allocation rules will be during the allocation period 2026-2030 before they apply.

Detailed guidance on participating in the UK ETS can be accessed here.

Jurisdiction: United Kingdom

Commencement: 31st March 2024

Amends: The Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Scheme Order 2020
Mini Summary

Following the UK’s exit from the EU, The Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Scheme Order 2020 establishes a UK Emissions Trading Scheme (UK ETS) covering greenhouse gas emissions from power and heat generation, energy intensive industries and aviation.

Duties
Various duties apply.

 

Amendment

The next application window for free allocations, as well as for Hospital Small Emitter and Ultra Small Emitter schemes, has been moved to 1st April 2025 – 30th June 2025. Operators not applying for free allocations must also provide information to the UK ETS Authority during this window.

This change was made in order to allow the UK ETS Authority to finalise the policy for the 2026-2030 allocation period. It aims to provide certainty to UK ETS operators about what the free allocation rules will be during the allocation period 2026-2030 before they apply.

Changes to publication dates

The lists of hospitals or small emitters and ultra-small emitters for the 2026-2030 allocation period must be published by 17th October 2025. The allocation table for the 2026-2030 allocation period must be published by 28th February 2026. 

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Jurisdiction: Great Britain

Commencement: 1st January 2024

Amends: The Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Scheme Order 2020
Mini Summary

Following the United Kingdom’s (UK) exit from the European Union (EU), The Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Scheme Order 2020 establishes a UK Emissions Trading Scheme (UK ETS) covering greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) from power and heat generation, energy intensive industries and aviation. It replaces the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) for UK participants.

The UK ETS begins on 1st January 2021. Before the UK left the EU, the EU ETS was applied in the UK through The Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Scheme Regulations 2012All UK operators that carried out an activity covered by the EU ETS were required to hold a permit, which was a licence to operate and emit greenhouse gases covered by the EU ETS. Activities covered by the EU ETS are any of the activities listed in Annex I to Directive 2009/29/EC to improve and extend the greenhouse gas emission allowance trading scheme of the Community (‘EU ETS Directive’).

The UK ETS does not significantly change the requirements for participating UK operators from those brought in by the EU ETS. Elements of the scheme will be familiar to operators. It is designed to maintain continuity with the EU ETS and to facilitate possible linkage in the future, however this is subject to ongoing trade negotiations between the UK and EU and would require further secondary legislation.

Key provisions included in this Order cover the scope of the scheme, monitoring and reporting requirements, the cap (the total level of emissions permitted) and the trajectory (the rate at which the cap declines) and the roles of the regulators in monitoring and enforcing the rules of the UK ETS. Secondary legislation will be introduced under the Finance Act 2020  to establish other parts of the UK ETS including rules for the auctioning of emissions allowances. Secondary legislation for the UK ETS currently includes:

The regulated activities covered by the UK ETS are listed in Schedule 2. Aviation activities are covered by the scheme and the definition of this is given in Schedule 1. The scheme covers electricity generation and heavy energy-using industries such as power stations, refineries, iron and steel, cement and lime, paper, food and drink, glass, ceramics, engineering, and the manufacture of vehicles. Other organisations, including universities and hospitals, may also be covered by the UK ETS depending upon the combustion capacity of equipment at their sites.

The UK ETS continues the principals of emissions trading by allocating and trading GHG emissions allowances. One allowance equals one tonne of carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalent. At the end of each year, installations must have enough allowances to account for their GHG emissions. They have the flexibility to buy additional allowances on top of their allocation, or to sell surplus allowances generated from reducing their emissions below their allocation.

Allocation periods

Phase I of the UK ETS will run from 2021-2030 and is split into two allocation periods:

  • 2021-2025 allocation period; and
  • 2026-2030 allocation period.

The regulators in each jurisdiction that the Regulations apply to are the following:

  • the Environment Agency (EA) for installations* in England;
  • Natural Resources Wales (NRW) for installations in Wales;
  • the Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA) for installations in Scotland;
  • the chief inspector for installations in Northern Ireland; and
  • the Secretary of State for offshore installations.

*’Installation’ means a stationary technical unit where one or more regulated activities listed in Schedule 2 are carried out. ‘Installation’ does not include any of the following (which are outside the scope of the UK ETS):

  • an installation that uses only biomass as a fuel;
  • an installation, or part of an installation, of which the primary purpose is research and development (including the testing of new products and processes);
  • an installation, of which the primary purpose is the incineration of hazardous or municipal waste; or
  • a relevant Northern Ireland electricity generator.

For qualifying aircraft operators the regulators depend on which jurisdiction the aircraft operator is registered in:

  • the EA, if the registered office is in England;
  • NRW, if the registered office is in Wales;
  • SEPA, if the registered office is in Scotland; or
  • the chief inspector if the registered office is in Northern Ireland.

The EA is the default regulator for new aircraft operators that do not have a registered office or place of residence in the UK. From 2026, the regulator for aircraft operators will be one of the four above and depend on the jurisdiction where the highest proportion of emissions occur.

Duties
Various duties apply.

 

Amendment

Operators of electricity generators may now retroactively apply for free allocations* if they did not anticipate supplying electricity to the grid but subsequently did.

*The United Kingdom has capped the total level of emissions that may be produced in the UK. Operators of certain activities are allocated allowances which allow them to release a specified quantity of emissions.

Free allocations

The following installations may now apply for free allocations, in accordance with Regulation (EU) 2019/331 determining transitional Union-wide rules for harmonised free allocation of emission allowances pursuant to Article 10a of Directive 2003/87/EC.

*CHP electricity is electricity produced from a combined heat and power plant.

Aircraft

Operators may be required to return allowances that have not been claimed within a scheme year.

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Jurisdiction: Great Britain

Commencement: 31st October 2023

Amends: GB Retained: Regulation (EU) 517/2014 on fluorinated greenhouse gases and repealing Regulation (EC) 842/2006
Mini Summary

The GB Retained: Regulation (EU) 517/2014 on fluorinated greenhouse gases and repealing Regulation (EC) 842/2006 sets out the requirements around fluorinated greenhouse gases, including rules around production, import, use, recovery and disposal in Great Britain following the end of the transition period.

Duties
Various duties apply.

 

Amendment

A minor technical change has been made to update an incorrect date.

The recalculation of reference values based on the annual average of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) placed on the market under Article 16(3) began in 2015. However, a previous amendment incorrectly changed this start date to 2021. This amendment changes the start date back to 2015.

There are no changes to duties for organisations. 

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Jurisdiction: United Kingdom

Commencement: 1st January 2024

Amends: The Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Scheme Order 2020
Mini Summary

Following the United Kingdom’s (UK) exit from the European Union (EU), The Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Scheme Order 2020 establishes a UK Emissions Trading Scheme (UK ETS) covering greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) from power and heat generation, energy intensive industries and aviation. It replaces the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) for UK participants.

The UK ETS begins on 1st January 2021. Before the UK left the EU, the EU ETS was applied in the UK through The Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Scheme Regulations 2012All UK operators that carried out an activity covered by the EU ETS were required to hold a permit, which was a licence to operate and emit greenhouse gases covered by the EU ETS. Activities covered by the EU ETS are any of the activities listed in Annex I to Directive 2009/29/EC to improve and extend the greenhouse gas emission allowance trading scheme of the Community (‘EU ETS Directive’).

The UK ETS does not significantly change the requirements for participating UK operators from those brought in by the EU ETS. Elements of the scheme will be familiar to operators. It is designed to maintain continuity with the EU ETS and to facilitate possible linkage in the future, however this is subject to ongoing trade negotiations between the UK and EU and would require further secondary legislation.

Key provisions included in this Order cover the scope of the scheme, monitoring and reporting requirements, the cap (the total level of emissions permitted) and the trajectory (the rate at which the cap declines) and the roles of the regulators in monitoring and enforcing the rules of the UK ETS. Secondary legislation will be introduced under the Finance Act 2020  to establish other parts of the UK ETS including rules for the auctioning of emissions allowances. Secondary legislation for the UK ETS currently includes:

The regulated activities covered by the UK ETS are listed in Schedule 2. Aviation activities are covered by the scheme and the definition of this is given in Schedule 1. The scheme covers electricity generation and heavy energy-using industries such as power stations, refineries, iron and steel, cement and lime, paper, food and drink, glass, ceramics, engineering, and the manufacture of vehicles. Other organisations, including universities and hospitals, may also be covered by the UK ETS depending upon the combustion capacity of equipment at their sites.

The UK ETS continues the principles of emissions trading by allocating and trading GHG emissions allowances. One allowance equals one tonne of carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalent. At the end of each year, installations must have enough allowances to account for their GHG emissions. They have the flexibility to buy additional allowances on top of their allocation, or to sell surplus allowances generated from reducing their emissions below their allocation.

Allocation periods

Phase I of the UK ETS will run from 2021-2030 and is split into two allocation periods:

  • 2021-2025 allocation period; and
  • 2026-2030 allocation period.

The regulators in each jurisdiction that the Regulations apply to are the following:

  • the Environment Agency (EA) for installations* in England;
  • Natural Resources Wales (NRW) for installations in Wales;
  • the Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA) for installations in Scotland;
  • the chief inspector for installations in Northern Ireland; and
  • the Secretary of State for offshore installations.

*’Installation’ means a stationary technical unit where one or more regulated activities listed in Schedule 2 are carried out. ‘Installation’ does not include any of the following (which are outside the scope of the UK ETS):

  • an installation that uses only biomass as a fuel;
  • an installation, or part of an installation, of which the primary purpose is research and development (including the testing of new products and processes);
  • an installation, of which the primary purpose is the incineration of hazardous or municipal waste; or
  • a relevant Northern Ireland electricity generator.

For qualifying aircraft operators the regulators depend on which jurisdiction the aircraft operator is registered in:

  • the EA, if the registered office is in England;
  • NRW, if the registered office is in Wales;
  • SEPA, if the registered office is in Scotland; or
  • the chief inspector if the registered office is in Northern Ireland.

The EA is the default regulator for new aircraft operators that do not have a registered office or place of residence in the UK. From 2026, the regulator for aircraft operators will be one of the four above and depend on the jurisdiction where the highest proportion of emissions occur.

Duties

Various duties apply.
Amendment

Free allocation for installations

The methodology for calculating the free allocation* of lime and malt extract for 2024 and 2025 is updated. This is the result of malt extract being at risk of carbon leakage. Installations** that currently benefit from free allocation must recalculate their free allocation as soon as practicable after 1st January 2024.

*Free allocation is the free giving of CO2 allowances. Organisations may emit CO2 equal to the amount of allowances they have. Other methods of obtaining an allowance is via an auction or a trading scheme.

**An installation is a stationary technical unit where regulated activities (defined in Schedule 2) are carried out.

The benchmark figures for calculating free allocation are set out in Annex 8. These figures will now be used for calculating free allocation in the 2026-2030 allocation period instead of those used for the EU Emissions Trading System.

Installations whose allocations were reduced after calculating free allowances using data from 2020, may now apply for recalculation using data from other years.

Applications for hospitals, small emitters* or ultra-small emitters who want to benefit from free allocation must now include information to enable the historical activity level of installations to be determined.

*A small emitter emits less than 25,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent each year in the relevant period and has a total rated thermal input of less than 35 megawatts. An ultra-small emitter emits less than this.

N.B. Operators (including aircraft operators) may apply to surrender and return over-allocated, allowances.

These Regulations come into force on 1st January 2024. 

 

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Jurisdiction: Republic of Ireland

Commencement: 5th August 2022

Amends: New Legislation
Mini Summary

These European Union (Fluorinated Greenhouse Gases) Regulations 2022 implement Regulation (EU) 517/2014 on fluorinated greenhouse gases and repealing Regulation (EC) 842/2006  and set out certification requirements, offences and enforcement powers relating to fluorinated greenhouse gases.

Summary
These Regulations implement Regulation (EU) 517/2014 on fluorinated greenhouse gases and repealing Regulation (EC) 842/2006  and set out certification requirements, offences and enforcement powers relating to fluorinated greenhouse gases.

The following provisions are revoked.

Duties
Certification
Persons must hold a valid certification to:

The Environmental Protection Agency may request persons to translate certifications or training attestations issued by another Member State into English.

The Minister for the Environment, Climate and Communications
The Minister for the Environment, Climate and Communications (the Minister) must:

The Minister may designate persons to complete undertakings on their behalf. This includes:

The Minister may withdraw designations at any point in accordance with Article 15.

The Minister must notify the European Commission of any designated certification bodies.

Offences
It is an offence to:

Enforcement
The Environmental Protection Agency may appoint authorised officers for the purposes of ensuring compliance with these Regulations.

Authorised officers must product a copy of their identification where requested.

An authorised officer may:

Compliance and prohibition notice
The Environmental Protection Agency may serve a compliance notice to persons failing to limit fluorinated greenhouse gas emissions.

This notice must state:

The Environmental Protection Agency or authorised officer may issue a prohibition notice to persons placing fluorinated greenhouse gases or products containing fluorinated greenhouse gases on the market unlawfully.

 
  

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Jurisdiction: UK

Commencement: 14th April 2022

Amends: The Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Scheme Order 2020
Mini Summary

Following the UK’s exit from the EU, The Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Scheme Order 2020 establishes a UK Emissions Trading Scheme (UK ETS) covering greenhouse gas emissions from power and heat generation, energy intensive industries and aviation.
Duties

Various duties apply
Amendment

A number of changes are made to the 2020 Order, as summarised below.

  • The power to inspect premises to ensure compliance with the Order, may be exercised by an ‘authorised person’*, besides the regulator**.
  • Any person intentionally getting in the way of the regulator or an authorised person whilst they are inspecting premises commit an offence under regulation 40 (Powers of entry, etc.).
  • Individuals who fail to comply with a notice to return allowances as per Article 34V (Return of allowances: notice to operator, etc.) may be liable for a civil penalty. The civil penalty is:
    • £20,000; and
    • £1,000 for each day the person fails to comply with the notice to return allowances (starting with the day on which the initial notice is given).
  • Lastly, where an installation permit is surrendered, or revoked, the operator will not have to pay a second ‘excess emissions penalty’*** if they fail to surrender any allowance shortfall from previous scheme years, in accordance with Article 52 (Failure to surrender allowances).

*An authorised person is a person authorised, in writing, by an enforcing authority to exercise the regulator’s powers under this Order.

**The regulators are:

  • the Environment Agency (EA) in England;
  • Natural Resources Wales (NRW) in Wales;
  • the Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA) in Scotland;
  • the chief inspector in Northern Ireland; and
  • the Secretary of State for offshore installations (stationary technical units where one or more regulated activities listed in Schedule 2 are carried out).

***The excess emissions penalty is a civil penalty that the operator of an installation, or an aircraft operator, must pay if they fail to surrender allowances. The penalty is £100 multiplied by the inflation factor for each allowance that is not surrendered.

Articles 2426 and 31 to The Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Scheme (Amendment) Order 2020  are revoked and replaced by Articles 711, and 12 respectively, in this Order. This substitution does not bring any changes to duties for organisations.

 
  

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Jurisdiction: Scotland

Commencement: 9th March 2022

Amends: The Environment Protection Act 1990
Mini Summary

The Environment Protection Act 1990 provides the framework for a number of different areas of environmental regulation including waste management, contaminated land, statutory nuisances and control of litter.

Amendment
The following have been added to the list in Section 153, identifying who may be given financial assistance by Scottish Ministers.


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Jurisdiction: UK

Commencement: 25th August 2021

Amends:

Mini Summary
The Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Scheme Auctioning Regulations 2021 (UK ETS) implements the principals of emissions trading by allocating and trading greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions allowances to participants of the scheme. These Regulations set out the legal framework to allow auctioning of emissions allowances.

One allowance equals one tonne of carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalent. At the end of each year, installations must have enough allowances to account for their GHG emissions. They have the flexibility to buy additional allowances on top of their allocation, or to sell surplus allowances generated from reducing their emissions below their allocation at auction. An allowance allows a participant to emit 1 tonne of carbon dioxide equivalent.

The UK ETS was implemented in the UK by The Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Scheme Order 2020 (‘2020 Order’). It replaces the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) for UK participants, which also follows the principles of emissions trading. For more general information on the UK ETS and how it works for participants see the entry for the 2020 Order.

The UK ETS authority for these Regulations are the national authorities, which are:

The Regulations are made under the power in section 96 of the Finance Act 2020 to make Regulations on the allocation of emissions allowances in exchange for payment. They are equivalent to the provisions made around allowances for EU ETS by Regulation (EU) 1031/2010 on the timing, administration and other aspects of auctioning of greenhouse gas allowances.
Duties
Auctions

As with the EU ETS, under the UK ETS auctioning continues to be the main means of introducing allowances into the market. Participants are also able to trade UK ETS emissions allowances on a secondary market. It is set out in Part 2 of the Regulations how bids are to be submitted and withdrawn, and how the auction clearing price is to be determined.

The minimum volume bid is one lot, and each lot auctioned must consist of 500 allowances. Each bid must state:

Each bid may only be submitted, modified or withdrawn during the bidding window set by the auction platform. Any unsold allowances can be added to the next four auctions up to a limit of 125% of their original volume.

The Auction Reserve Price (ARP) is set by these Regulations and this is the minimum price for which allowances can be sold at auctions. Bids below this price will not be accepted. The UK ETS has an ARP of £22. It is not intended that any changes will be made to the ARP before it is likely withdrawn as the scheme matures.

Auction Calendar
The auctioneer sets the auction calendar, including the bidding windows, individual volumes, auction dates, as well as the auctioned product, payment and delivery dates of the allowances to be auctioned in individual auctions each calendar year. The auction platform provider, ICE Futures, was appointed to host emissions auctions on behalf of the UK Government’s Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS), which has been appointed as the UK Auctioneer by the Treasury. ICE published the 2021 calendar for UK ETS auctions on 26th February 2021. The first UK ETS auction is 19th May 2021.

The appointed auction platform must publish the auction calendar for a year by 15th July of the preceding year or as soon as practicable after that date. The auction platform must also report transactions to the Financial Conduct Authority in order to provide appropriate regulatory oversight.

This legislation provides for fees and costs to be charged by the auction platform and auctions are to be monitored for issues such as market abuse, money laundering, terrorist financing or other criminal activity.

Auction participants will need to register with the appointed auction platform and must also hold a registry account in the UK Emissions Trading Registry. This registry system is used to ensure the accurate accounting of all allowances issued under the UK ETS, and it is used by operators to surrender allowances each year as required by the 2020 Order.

Cost Containment Mechanism
The Cost Containment Mechanism will be triggered if the average price for one allowance on secondary futures markets is more than:

If any of the above occur then the Treasury can authorise changing the distribution of allowances or increasing the volume of allowances to be auctioned at auctions within a calendar year.

Access to Auctions
Part 4 of the Regulations legislate access to auctions by participants and details the eligibility criteria and process for those applying to bid in auctions and participate in the auction platform’s secondary market. The appointed auction platform can refuse, revoke or suspend admission to bid in auctions.

There is a right of appeal set by these Regulations against decisions made by the auction platform, such as admissions to bid.

 
Amendment

Technical errors are corrected in The Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Scheme Auctioning Regulations 2021 (‘the 2021 Regulations’). There are no changes to compliance duties for organisations.

The 2021 Regulations allow auctions to be cancelled in certain circumstances and amendments to be made to the auction calendar. The appointed auction platform can now change the date or time of the opening and close of the bidding window instead of cancelling the auction.

In relation to allocation of emissions allowances, the formula for calculating the annual volume of allowances to be auctioned in a calendar year is updated. If allowances designated for free allocation to certain industrial emitters are not allocated, the Treasury can authorise their release for auction as part of the cost containment mechanism.

Functions relating to deduction of fees from auction proceeds, the submission of the auction platform’s exit strategy and the cooperation requirement to facilitate the effective monitoring of auctions that were the responsibility of the Financial Conduct Authority (‘the FCA’) are transferred to the auctioneer or the Treasury or both.

Amendments are made to the duties of the auction platform which must provide regular information about auctions to the auctioneer and the Treasury. The auction platform must keep records of checks carried out in refusing to grant admission to bid and revoking or suspending any admission to bid. The exit strategy must be submitted to the auctioneer and Treasury within 3 months of the auction platform’s date of appointment. When market abuse is reported to FCA by the auction platform, the auctioneer and the Treasury must be informed.

The auction platform must consult with the auctioneer before maximum bid sizes and other remedial measures are imposed in the case of a risk of market abuse. Maximum bid sizes can now be imposed on single entities as well as groups. When results of an auction are announced, the appointed auction platform must include details of the auctions to which the volume of any unsold allowances will be carried over.

Some updates to confidentiality are made, including ensuring the methodology for determining the prevailing secondary market price is to be treated as confidential information and that the exchange of confidential information between the auction platform and the auctioneer, the UK ETS Authority and the Treasury can take place.

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Jurisdiction: UK

Commencement: 1st May 2021

Amends: 

Mini Summary
The Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Scheme Regulations 2012 Implement the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) into UK law.

The Environment Act 1995 creates a number of new agencies and set new standards for environmental management, regarding contaminated land and abandoned mines, national parks and air quality.

The Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Scheme (Amendment) and National Emissions Inventory Regulations 2005 establish an application procedure by which a person may apply to the Secretary of State for approval of one of the project activities established under the Kyoto Protocol or for authorisation to participate in the project activity.
Amendment

The Environment Agency is no longer required to take account of European Union (EU) laws when considering applications for Kyoto Protocol projects* as the UK is no longer part of the EU. Instead, it must ensure that the UK’s relevant international climate law obligations are satisfied; this includes the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol**.

*Kyoto Protocol projects are emission-reduction projects used to earn certified emission reduction (CER) credits under the Protocol. These can be either Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) or Joint Implementation projects.

**The Kyoto Protocol is a protocol of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), an international climate treaty. The Protocol commits industrialised countries and economies to limiting and reducing their greenhouse gas emissions, including the UK.

There are no changes to duties for organisations.

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